Synopsis "craniofacial muscles"
The craniofacial musculature, including the extraocular muscles, muscles associated with the auditory system, the masseter, the tongue, and the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, all participate in functions that are critical to life: vision, intact of nutrition, breathing, and hearing. Despite their critical importance, the majority of research on skeletal muscle basically has ignored this collection of muscles. This is most likely due to their complexity in form, development, fiber types, physiology, and disease profiles. All these make these muscles extremely difficult to study. Vision depends on voluntary and reflexive eye movements initiated by the oculomotor system. The effector arm of this motor system includes the extraocular muscles and their motor neurons. Mastication, and therefore food intake, depends on the complex movements of the masseter and tongue musculature. The effector arm of this motor system includes the masseter and tongue muscles and their motor neurons. Respiration, human phonation, as well as gestation, depend on the laryngeal and pharyngeal musculature. The effector arm of these motor systems includes the intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles and the pharyngeal muscles and their motor neurons. Recently there has been a renewed interest in understanding the basic cell biology and pathologies associated with these unusual skeletal muscles. This book will highlight novel findings on the development of these muscles and their innervation, metabolic design, functional consequences of their structural organization, and potential reasons for their differential response to various neuromuscular diseases. In addition, critical areas for future studies will be identified.
