Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 - September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, writer of short stories, and poet from the American Renaissance period. The bulk of his writings was published between 1846 and 1857. Best known for his whaling novel Moby-Dick (1851), he is also legendary for having been forgotten during the last thirty years of his life. Melville's writing is characteristic for its allusivity. "In Melville's manipulation of his reading", scholar Stanley T. Williams wrote, "was a transforming power comparable to Shakespeare's". Born in New York City, he was the third child of a merchant in French dry-goods, with Revolutionary War heroes for grandfathers. Not long after the death of his father in 1832, his schooling stopped abruptly. After having been a schoolteacher for a short time, he signed up for a merchant voyage to Liverpool in 1839. A year and a half into his first whaling voyage, in 1842 he jumped ship in the Marquesas Islands, where he lived among the natives for a month. His first book, Typee (1846), became a huge best-seller, which called for a sequel, Omoo (1847). The same year Melville married Elizabeth Knapp Shaw; their four children were all born between 1849 and 1855. In August 1850, having moved to Pittsfield, Massachusetts, he established a profound friendship with Nathaniel Hawthorne, though the relationship lost intensity after the latter moved away. Moby-Dick (1851) did not become a success, and Pierre (1852) put an end to his career as a popular author. From 1853 to 1856 he wrote short fiction for magazines, collected as The Piazza Tales (1856). In 1857, while Melville was on a voyage to England and the Near East, The Confidence-Man appeared, the last prose work published during his lifetime. From then on Melville turned to poetry. Having secured a position of Customs Inspector in New York, his poetic reflection on the Civil War appeared as Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (1866). In 1867 his oldest child Malcolm died at home from a self-inflicted gunshot. For the epic Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land (1876) he drew upon his experience in Egypt and Palestine from twenty years earlier. In 1886 he retired as Customs Inspector and privately published some volumes of poetry in small editions. During the last years of his life, interest in him was reviving and he was approached to have his biography written, but his death in 1891 from cardiovascular disease subdued the revival before it could gain momentum. Inspired perhaps by the growing interest in him, in his final years he had been working on a prose story one more time and left the manuscript of Billy Budd, Sailor, which was published in 1924.
Herman Melville (Nueva York, 1 de agosto de 1819-Nueva York, 28 de septiembre de 1891)1 fue un escritor, novelista, poeta y ensayista estadounidense, del período del Renacimiento estadounidense. Entre sus novelas más conocidas están Taipi (1846), basada en sus experiencias en la Polinesia, y la novela Moby Dick (1851),1 considerada su obra maestra y un clásico de la literatura universal.
Entre 1853 y 1855, publicó en la revista Putnam Magazine una serie de relatos, reunidos la mayor parte de ellos en The Piazza Tales, entre los que se encuentran dos de las narraciones más importantes de Melville: el cuento Bartleby, el escribiente y la novela corta Benito Cereno. También aparece el relato Las encantadas, compuesto de diez bocetos sobre las islas Galápagos unidos por un solo narrador. En 1857, El estafador y sus disfraces, también conocido como El embaucador (The Confidence-Man), fue el último trabajo de ficción en prosa que publicó. Buscando estabilidad económica, abandonó el oficio de escritor, aceptando un puesto como inspector de aduanas.
En sus últimos años, en los que tuvo que padecer además de la muerte de dos de sus hermanos también la muerte de dos de sus hijos, Clarence, por tuberculosis y Malcolm por un posible suicidio, además de la muerte de otro de sus hijos a los treinta y cinco años, Stanwix Melville, se dedicó a escribir poesía. Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, de 1866, es una reflexión poética sobre la Guerra de Secesión y Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land, un poema épico de ficción, publicado en 1876. La novela Billy Budd, que dejó inconclusa y fue publicada póstumamente en Londres en 1924, es considerada una de las obras de mayor relevancia de la literatura estadounidense.
